• Effect of Processing on the Microstructure-Performance Comparison 

  The present report is intended to provide a review of the activities conducted during the last Stage 6 of this program. The major activities accomplished during this stage were directly related to comparing the response of the microstructure and mec

• Optimized Carburized Steel Fatigue Performance 

  The results of this study show that data on laboratory samples can be used to interpret the fatigue performance of gears

• Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Electro-Slag Cast Steel for Hot Working Tools 

  In the present study, the thermal and mechanical properties of yield strength, tensile strength, hardness, impact toughness, wear resistance, thermal fatigue resistance, and thermal shock resistance for electro-slag cast and forged steel have been ex

• The Effect of Silicon and Retained Austenite on Direct-Cooled Microalloyed Forging Steels 

  The purpose of this study is to compare the differences in microstructure in forged parts caused by the different silicon contents and to relate these differences to the mechanical properties of these steels in an attempt to understand factors that w

• Grain Size and Forgeability of a Titanium Microalloyed Forging Steel 

  In this work two microalloyed steels were examined.

• The Effects of Prior Microstructure on Spheroidizing Kinetics and Cold Workability in Bar Steels 

  The present study quantifies the changes that develop in three different starting microstructures after undergoing a spheroidization heat treatment.

• Comparison of Two Physical Simulation Tests to Determine the No-Recrystallization Temperature 

  Two rolling simulations were conducted using a Gleeble 3500 to determine the no-recrystallization temperature, TNR on six microalloyed plate steels.

• Deformation and Fracture of Direct-Cooled Bainitic Forging Steels 

  This paper discusses the deformation and fracture of direct-cooled bainitic steels.

• Correlation Between Crystal Structure Change and Transformation Strain for Multiphase Transformation 

  In the current study, we investigated the application of the lever rule to multiphase transformations by applying a conversional model that accounts for changes in crystal structure.

• Effects of Heating Rate and Prior Microstructure on SAE 1541 Forging Steel 

  The purpose of this project was to investigate the effects of heating rate on 1541 steel as pertinent to forging related processes.

• DEVELOPING DATA BASES FOR THE MODELING OF DECARBURIZATION IN STEEL 

  This paper presents methodology for the development of the necessary data bases, including studies of 300M low alloy steel and M48 tool steel.

• Hydraulic Press, Mechanical Press, Screw Press, or HERF: A Comparison of 304L Forging Processes 

  304L stainless steel forgings were produced with equipment of varying strain rate: hydraulic press, mechanical press, screw press, and high energy rate forging (HERF).

• Microstructural Control and Properties in Nb-Modified Carburized Steels 

  In this paper, the effects of heating rate, rolling history, and processing temperature on the evolution of austenite grain structures in carburizing steels are considered in a study on Ti-modified SAE 8620 steels with Nb additions up to 0.1 wt pct.

• Investigation of the Proper Hot Forging Temperatures for Various Steel Grades 

  This investigation includes a literature review of recommended forging temperatures and thermodynamic calculations of the solidus temperatures of various plain carbon and alloy steel grades.

• Ultra-Fine Grain Processing of Steel Billet – Phase I 

  This investigation showed that the starting microstructure of 4140 steel plays a major role in the development of thermal – mechanical processes capable of producing sub-micron grains.

• Workability of Medium Carbon 1045 Forging Steel with Residual Copper 

  This project examines the process parameters appropriate to present day practices, simulating the conditions that the forging steels are subjected to.

• An Exploration of Cost-Effective Solutions for Gear Production 

  This paper explores material alternatives for gear production.

• Effect of Heating Rate and Microstructural Scale on Austenization 

  This article summarizes the overall effects of heating rate on low-alloy and Cr-alloyed medium carbon steels, and show results from a hypereutectoid alloy with significant Cr content.

• Effects of Chemical Composition, Heat Treatment, and Microstructure 

  The test results indicate that large prior austenite grain sizes achieved during heating for rolling and increased cooling rates after hot working decreased the fraction of ferrite, leading to higher strength levels.

• Warm and Hot Working Applications 

  In this article, the variety of metals that can be hot or warmed worked are described. The characteristics of each metal system are summarized, and processing considerations are described.